Describe, with equations, how methanol, ethanol and acetic acid are made. Give one use of each.

1. 1 · Open. Methanol and ethanol are alcohols (-OH group); acetic acid is a carboxylic acid (-COOH group).
2. 2 · Methanol. CO + 2H₂ → CH₃OH, at about 400 °C and 200 to 300 atm over a ZnO and Cr₂O₃ catalyst. Use: making plastics and fibres, or as a fuel.
3. 3 · Ethanol. Fermentation: C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂, by enzymes in yeast. Use: a solvent and in medicines.
4. 4 · Acetic acid. Oxidation of ethanol with K₂Cr₂O₇ and concentrated H₂SO₄: CH₃CH₂OH + 2[O] → CH₃COOH + H₂O. Use: vinegar, a preservative.
5. 5 · Safety. Methanol is poisonous and must never be drunk.
6. 6 · Real life. Vinegar keeps pickles from spoiling.
7. 7 · Close in one line. So simple carbon compounds made in factories serve us every day.

Scoring tip: Write the conditions (catalyst, pressure, yeast, K₂Cr₂O₇) beside each arrow. Conditions are part of the mark.