Explain how political parties make representative democracy work, describing any five of their functions.

1. 1 · Open. Parties are essential for representative democracy; elections without them would be almost impossible.
2. 2 · Contest elections. They nominate candidates, campaign for them and issue manifestos, giving voters clear choices.
3. 3 · Form the government. The party or group with a majority forms the government and turns its policies into action.
4. 4 · Act as the opposition. Parties in a minority form the opposition and keep a constant check on the government.
5. 5 · Shape opinion and link people. They educate people, shape public opinion, voice people's demands and connect citizens with government institutions.
6. 6 · Close in one line. So a competitive multi-party system has strengthened democracy in India.

Scoring tip: Name each function in a few words, then explain it in one sentence. Five clear points under a short opening fit 80 to 120 words.