'Imperialism did far more harm than good to the colonies.' Examine this statement with three positive and three negative effects.

How to lay out the answer. Follow the frame, then write it in your own words.

1 · Open with a judgement. Imperialism brought some modern changes to the colonies, but its harm far outweighed its benefits.
2 · Transport and communication. Railways, canals, telegraph and telephones were built, though mainly to move goods and troops.
3 · Education and nationalism. Modern education and science spread, and political awareness grew into national movements.
4 · Economic ruin. Local industries collapsed and wealth was drained to Europe; India went from exporting textiles to supplying raw materials.
5 · Slavery and exploitation. Africa was divided and millions of Africans were sold as slaves; China was cut into spheres of influence.
6 · Racial discrimination. Europeans treated colonised people as inferior, worst of all in South Africa's apartheid.
7 · Close in one line. The colonies were left poorer and dependent, which fed their struggles for freedom.

Scoring tip: Write three positive and three negative points, then a one-line judgement. Use India as one example.