Describe the hazards of nuclear radiation and the safety measures needed.

1. 1 · Explain how harm happens. Radiation ionises and breaks complex molecules in living cells.
2. 2 · List the effects. Cancer, sterility, skin burns, lowered resistance, and genetic damage seen in later generations.
3. 3 · Name the sources. Natural: rocks and cosmic rays. Man-made: nuclear tests, reactors and medical isotopes.
4. 4 · Give safety measures.
   • Avoid nuclear tests
   • Store radioactive waste safely
   • Use radiation in medicine only when needed
   • Short time, large distance, lead or concrete shields
5. 5 · Real life. Lead aprons and radiation badges in hospital X-ray rooms.
6. 6 · Close in one line. So, we cannot stop natural radiation, but we can limit man-made exposure.

Scoring tip: Split your answer into two clear parts, effects and safety; examiners mark each part separately.