What are genetically modified organisms? Explain how genetic modification has helped agriculture.

1. 1 · Define in one line. GMOs are plants, bacteria, fungi or animals whose genes have been altered by manipulation.
2. 2 · Give the need. The Green Revolution's gains are not enough, agrochemicals are costly, and breeding has reached its limits.
3. 3 · List the advantages.
   • Tolerance to cold, drought, salt and heat.
   • Less use of chemical pesticides.
   • Fewer post-harvest losses.
   • Efficient use of minerals.
   • Better nutrition.
4. 4 · Give examples. Golden rice (vitamin A) and Bt cotton (pest resistant).
5. 5 · Link to real life. Golden rice targets vitamin A deficiency, which causes night blindness in children.
6. 6 · Close in one line. So GM crops can raise yield and quality with fewer chemicals.

Scoring tip: Give at least one named GM crop. 'Golden rice: vitamin A' is a safe example.