What is infertility? Describe any three assisted reproductive technologies.

How to lay out the answer. Follow the frame, then write it in your own words.

1 · Define in one line. Infertility is the inability of a couple to produce children in spite of unprotected sexual cohabitation.
2 · Causes. Physical, congenital, diseases, drugs, immunological or psychological; the problem often lies with the male partner.
3 · Describe three ART.
- IVF-ET: fertilisation in the laboratory, then embryo transfer.
- ZIFT: zygote or embryo of up to 8 blastomeres into the fallopian tube; IUT: a later embryo into the uterus.
- GIFT: a donor ovum into the fallopian tube; ICSI: a sperm injected into the ovum; AI or IUI: semen placed in the vagina or uterus.
4 · Link to daily life. Infertility clinics offer these techniques, and legal adoption is another caring option.
5 · Close in one line. So ART helps many couples, though it needs specialists and costly equipment.

Scoring tip: Always write the full forms. Each correct expansion is often worth half a mark.