Name the causative organisms of typhoid, pneumonia and common cold. Describe how each spreads and its main symptoms.

1. 1 · Define pathogen in one line. A pathogen is an organism that causes disease, such as a bacterium or a virus.
2. 2 · Typhoid. Salmonella typhi; contaminated food and water; small intestine, then blood; sustained fever 39 to 40 °C, weakness, stomach pain, constipation; Widal test; carrier example Typhoid Mary.
3. 3 · Pneumonia. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae; droplets, shared utensils; alveoli fill with fluid; fever, chills, cough; bluish lips and nails in severe cases.
4. 4 · Common cold. Rhino viruses; droplets and contaminated objects; nose and respiratory passage, not lungs; congestion, sore throat; 3 to 7 days.
5. 5 · Prevention in daily life. Safe drinking water, hand washing, covering coughs and not sharing utensils.
6. 6 · Close in one line. So two are bacterial and one is viral, and hygiene cuts the spread of all three.

Scoring tip: Write scientific names in full and underline them in your answer sheet. Name the Widal test for typhoid.