Describe the role of microbes in the industrial production of beverages, organic acids, enzymes and bioactive molecules, with examples.

1. 1 · Open with fermentors. Microbes are grown on an industrial scale in very large vessels called fermentors.
2. 2 · Beverages. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (brewer's yeast) ferments malted cereals and fruit juices; wine and beer without distillation; whisky, brandy, rum with distillation.
3. 3 · Organic acids and alcohol.
   • Citric acid: Aspergillus niger.
   • Acetic acid: Acetobacter aceti.
   • Butyric acid: Clostridium butylicum.
   • Lactic acid: Lactobacillus; ethanol: Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
4. 4 · Enzymes. Lipases in detergents for oily stains; pectinases and proteases to clarify fruit juices.
5. 5 · Bioactive molecules. Streptokinase (Streptococcus) as clot buster; cyclosporin A (Trichoderma polysporum) as immunosuppressant; statins (Monascus purpureus) lower cholesterol.
6. 6 · Link to daily life. Vinegar, citric acid in drinks and enzymes in washing powder are microbial products.
7. 7 · Close in one line. So microbes are tiny factories for food, chemicals and medicines.

Scoring tip: Write every microbe's full scientific name with its product. The marking scheme gives half a mark per correct pair.