Discuss the role of antioxidants in the prevention of degenerative diseases.

1. 1 · Open in two lines. Free radicals damage cells and drive many degenerative diseases. Antioxidants from the body and diet neutralise them.
2. 2 · Define the terms. Free radical, oxidative stress, antioxidant; causes of free radicals (smoking, pollution, UV, infection, high sugar).
3. 3 · Draw the defence. [Flow: free radical → attacks membrane, protein, DNA → disease; antioxidant gives an electron → stable molecule]
4. 4 · Antioxidants and sources.
   • Enzymes: SOD, catalase, glutathione peroxidase.
   • Diet: vitamins C, E, carotenoids, selenium, zinc, polyphenols with Indian foods.
5. 5 · Role in each disease. Atherosclerosis (oxidised LDL), cancer (DNA damage), cataract, diabetes complications, ageing and brain diseases.
6. 6 · Food first. Fruit and vegetables at least 400 g a day; high-dose supplements did not help and beta-carotene harmed smokers.
7. 7 · Close in one line. A colourful plant-rich diet is the best antioxidant prescription.

Scoring tip: Mention the beta-carotene trials in smokers; it shows the examiner you know the evidence, not just the theory.