Discuss the causes, symptoms and dietary management of chronic kidney disease.
How to lay out the answer. Follow the frame, then write it in your own words.
1 · Open in two lines. Chronic kidney disease is kidney damage or reduced GFR lasting more than 3 months. Diet slows its progress and controls waste, salt and fluid.
2 · Stages. KDIGO G1 to G5 by GFR, with the meaning of each.
Fatigue, anorexia, nausea, oedema, itching, anaemia, high BP.
4 · Draw the protein switch. [Bar chart: protein 0.8 g/kg in early CKD → 0.55-0.6 g/kg in stages 3-5 → 1.0-1.2 g/kg on dialysis]
5 · Diet principles with a calculation. Energy 25-35 kcal/kg; protein by stage (show g/kg × weight); sodium under 2.3 g; potassium and phosphorus by blood report; leaching; fluid by urine output.
6 · Foods and menu. Include and avoid lists; leaching steps; a one-day menu.
7 · Close in one line. A stage-matched kidney diet delays dialysis and keeps the patient well-nourished.
Scoring tip: Name the guideline (KDOQI 2020) beside each protein number; it shows you know current practice.
