Explain tentering and calendering.

1. 1 · Open in two lines. Tentering and calendering are mechanical finishes. Tentering sets width and grain; calendering changes the surface.
2. 2 · Draw the tenter frame. [Sketch: cloth gripped by pins or clips on two chains that move apart through a hot-air chamber]
3. 3 · Tentering.
   • Damp cloth gripped at both selvedges.
   • Chains widen it; weft straightened.
   • Dried in hot air; also heat-sets synthetics.
4. 4 · Calendering.
   • Cloth pressed between heavy heated rollers.
   • Types: simple, friction (chintz), schreiner, embossing, moiré.
   • Temporary on cotton unless resin is used; permanent on thermoplastics.
5. 5 · Daily-life link. Check labels for resin-glazed chintz; well-tentered cloth keeps uniform seams straight after washing.
6. 6 · Close in one line. Tentering gives the cloth its shape; calendering gives it its finish.

Scoring tip: List all five calender types with one example each; that list alone is often worth half the marks.