How to lay out the answer. Follow the frame, then write it in your own words.
1 · Open. Management thought developed in stages, each adding to the last. Most texts group it into classical, behavioural, quantitative and contemporary approaches.
2 · Classical approach.
Scientific management: Taylor's one best way; the Gilbreths' motion study; Gantt chart.
General administrative theory: Fayol's functions and 14 principles; Weber's bureaucracy.
3 · Behavioural approach.
Owen, Munsterberg, Follett and Barnard put people at the centre.
Hawthorne studies (1924-32, Mayo): group norms and attention shape output.
4 · Quantitative approach. Operations research, statistics, models and simulations; later total quality management (Deming, Juran).
5 · Contemporary approaches.
Systems: an open system of inputs, transformation, outputs and feedback.
Contingency: no one best way; it depends on the situation.
6 · Draw a timeline. [Timeline: classical (early 1900s) → behavioural (1920s-1930s) → quantitative (1940s) → systems and contingency (1960s onward)]
7 · In Sri Lankan business. Apparel lines use work study (classical) alongside welfare and team programmes (behavioural).
8 · Close. Each school added a piece; modern managers combine them to suit the situation.
Scoring tip: Name the key person for each school. Attribution mistakes, such as giving Fayol's principles to Taylor, cost easy marks.
