Define management. Explain the management process with a diagram.

1. 1 · Open with definitions. Give Robbins and Coulter's definition, and Follett's 'getting things done through people'.
2. 2 · Explain efficiency and effectiveness. Efficiency is doing things right (means); effectiveness is doing the right things (ends). Managers need both.
3. 3 · Draw the management cycle. [Cycle: planning → organizing → directing → controlling → back to planning, with 'goals' in the centre]
4. 4 · Explain the four functions.
   • Planning: set goals and decide how to reach them.
   • Organizing: arrange tasks, people and resources into a structure.
   • Directing: lead, motivate and communicate with people.
   • Controlling: measure, compare and correct performance.
5. 5 · Show that it is a continuous process. Control results feed new plans, so the functions repeat and overlap.
6. 6 · In Sri Lankan business. John Keells runs hotels, supermarkets and port services with the same four functions, showing management is universal.
7. 7 · Close in one line. Management turns resources into results through a continuous cycle of four functions.

Scoring tip: A neat labelled cycle and one example per function earn most of the marks.