Explain food fortification and the Public Distribution System as preventive approaches to malnutrition.

1. 1 · Open in two lines. Fortification adds micronutrients to common foods; the PDS supplies basic grains free or at low cost. Both prevent malnutrition without asking people to change their diets much.
2. 2 · Define the terms. Fortification, enrichment, biofortification; FSSAI Fortification of Foods Regulations 2018 and the +F logo.
3. 3 · Draw the vehicles table. [Table: salt, oil, milk, wheat flour, rice; nutrients added; reason]
4. 4 · Advantages and limitations.
   • Wide reach, low cost, no change in habits.
   • Needs quality control; misses some groups; cannot replace a varied diet.
5. 5 · PDS history. 1940s rationing, 1992 revamped PDS, 1997 TPDS, 2000 AAY, 2013 NFSA, free grains and One Nation One Ration Card.
6. 6 · PDS as prevention.
   • Cereal security and stable prices.
   • Fortified rice for the poor.
   • Limitations: leakages, mostly cereals, exclusion errors; ePoS and Aadhaar reforms.
7. 7 · In the community. Explaining fortified rice kernels and the +F logo to families at the ration shop.
8. 8 · Close in one line. Fortification improves the quality, and PDS the quantity, of food reaching the poor; both need a varied diet alongside.

Scoring tip: Treat the two parts equally: about half a page each. The vehicles table and the PDS timeline are both quick to draw.