Describe the structure and functions of the spinal cord.

1. 1 · Define. The spinal cord is the part of the CNS that runs from the medulla oblongata down through the vertebral column.
2. 2 · Draw the T.S. [Diagram: outer white matter, inner butterfly-shaped grey matter, central canal, meninges, dorsal root with ganglion, ventral root, spinal nerve]
3. 3 · Structure.
   • Covered by meninges and bathed in CSF.
   • Grey matter inside, white matter outside.
   • Central canal filled with CSF.
   • 31 pairs of spinal nerves arise from it.
4. 4 · Functions.
   • Carries impulses to and from the brain.
   • Centre for reflex actions.
5. 5 · Link to daily life. Helmets and seat belts prevent spinal injuries that can stop messages to the legs.
6. 6 · Close. So the spinal cord links the brain with the body and handles quick reflexes.

Scoring tip: Say clearly that grey and white matter are arranged opposite to the brain. This is often asked on its own for 2 marks.