What is cloning? Explain how Dolly was cloned.

1. 1 · Define. Cloning is making a genetically identical copy of a cell, gene or organism. The copy is a clone.
2. 2 · Who and when. Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell, Roslin Institute, Scotland. Dolly was born in 1996.
3. 3 · Write the steps.
   • Udder (body) cell from a Finn Dorset sheep
   • Egg from a Scottish Blackface ewe, with its nucleus removed (enucleated)
   • Fused by a mild electric pulse
   • Embryo placed in a surrogate ewe
   • Dolly born, identical to the Finn Dorset
4. 4 · Draw the flow chart. Donor sheep → udder cell; egg donor → empty egg; fusion; embryo; surrogate; Dolly. Label each box.
5. 5 · Merits. Copies of high-yielding animals; saving endangered species; stem cells for treatment.
6. 6 · Demerits. Low success rate; clones may fall ill early; ethical concerns.
7. 7 · Link to daily life. Banana and sugarcane grown from suckers and cuttings are natural clones.
8. 8 · Close in one line. Dolly proved that an adult body cell can produce a whole new animal.

Scoring tip: Name both breeds of sheep correctly and say whose DNA Dolly carried.