Draw ray diagrams to show the image formed by a concave mirror when the object is (i) beyond C, (ii) at C, (iii) between C and F, (iv) between P and F, and (v) by a convex mirror. State the position and nature of each image.

1. 1 · Write the two rays you will use. A ray parallel to the axis reflects through F (or seems to come from F for a convex mirror). A ray through C returns on itself.
2. 2 · Object beyond C. [Sketch: rays cross below the axis between F and C] Image between F and C: real, inverted, smaller.
3. 3 · Object at C. [Sketch: rays cross at C] Image at C: real, inverted, same size.
4. 4 · Object between C and F. [Sketch: rays cross beyond C] Image beyond C: real, inverted, larger.
5. 5 · Object between P and F. [Sketch: reflected rays spread; dotted lines meet behind the mirror] Image behind the mirror: virtual, erect, larger.
6. 6 · Convex mirror, object in front. [Sketch: dotted lines meet between P and F behind the mirror] Image virtual, erect, smaller.
7. 7 · Close with a use. Case (iv) is used in shaving and dentist's mirrors; the convex case in rear-view mirrors.

Scoring tip: Each diagram earns one mark only if it has arrowheads, labels P, F and C, and dotted lines behind the mirror for virtual images.