Explain the cotton system of spinning with a flow chart.

1. 1 · Open in two lines. Spinning is the making of yarn from fibres. The cotton system is the series of processes used for cotton and cotton-length staple.
2. 2 · Draw the flow chart. [Flow chart: bale → opening and cleaning → carding → (combing) → drawing → roving → ring spinning → winding]
3. 3 · Opening, blending and cleaning. Bales are opened into tufts, mixed for uniformity, and beaten and air-cleaned in the blow room.
4. 4 · Carding and combing.
   • Carding separates fibres, removes trash and neps, forms card sliver.
   • Combing removes noils and parallels fibres for fine combed yarn.
5. 5 · Drawing and roving.
   • Drawing: 6-8 slivers doubled and drafted for evenness.
   • Roving: further drafting with slight twist on the speed frame.
6. 6 · Spinning and winding. The ring frame drafts roving to final count, twists it and winds it on bobbins, which are rewound into cones.
7. 7 · Daily-life link. Combed cotton for babywear and hospital gowns; carded cotton for towels and kitchen cloths.
8. 8 · Close in one line. Each stage makes the fibre strand cleaner, more even and finer, until it can be twisted into yarn.

Scoring tip: Write each step as one heading and two lines, in the exact order. Underline the product of each step: lap, sliver, roving, yarn.