Define controlling. Explain the types of control with examples.
How to lay out the answer. Follow the frame, then write it in your own words.
1 · Define. Controlling is monitoring, comparing and correcting work performance (Robbins); Fayol saw it as checking that everything happens according to plan.
2 · Importance.
Links to planning
Empowers employees
Protects the organization
Helps cope with change
3 · Main concepts. Standards, actual performance, deviation, range of variation, corrective action and feedback.
4 · Draw the timing diagram. [Input → process → output, with feedforward at input, concurrent at process and feedback at output]
5 · Explain the three types.
Feedforward: before; prevents problems.
Concurrent: during; direct supervision.
Feedback: after; reports and reviews.
6 · Approaches. Ouchi's market, bureaucratic and clan control.
7 · In Sri Lankan business. A tea factory checks leaf quality (feedforward), watches withering and rolling (concurrent) and reviews auction prices (feedback).
8 · Close. Good control uses all three types, so problems are prevented, caught early and learned from.
Scoring tip: One example per timing type, all from the same business, shows clear understanding.
