Compare Maslow's hierarchy of needs with Herzberg's two-factor theory.

1. 1 · Define motivation. The process by which effort is energized, directed and sustained toward a goal.
2. 2 · Maslow's hierarchy.
   • Physiological, safety, social, esteem, self-actualization.
   • A largely satisfied need no longer motivates; the next level does.
   • Lower-order needs are met externally; higher-order needs internally.
3. 3 · Draw the pyramid. [Pyramid: physiological at the base, up through safety, social and esteem to self-actualization at the top]
4. 4 · Herzberg's two factors.
   • Motivators: achievement, recognition, the work itself, responsibility, advancement, growth.
   • Hygiene factors: pay, policy, supervision, conditions, relationships, security.
   • Removing dissatisfaction does not create satisfaction.
5. 5 · Compare. Physiological, safety and social needs roughly match hygiene factors; esteem and self-actualization match motivators. Maslow uses one scale of needs; Herzberg uses two separate scales. Pay motivates in Maslow while lower needs are unmet, but is only a hygiene factor for Herzberg.
6. 6 · In Sri Lankan business. Garment workers: pay, transport and EPF/ETF are hygiene and safety; recognition and promotion are motivators.
7. 7 · Criticisms. Maslow's order may differ by culture and lacks strong evidence; Herzberg relied on self-reports from engineers and accountants.
8. 8 · Close. Both theories tell managers to go beyond pay and offer meaningful, recognized work.

Scoring tip: A two-column comparison table after the pyramid is the quickest way to score the 'compare' marks.