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Haya model paper 2027One fixed paper, locked on 31 Mar 2027 before the examBuilt to the board's own blueprint below. After the exam, Haya compares it with the real question paper, question by question.Board match

Paper pattern

MCQ · all 16 · 1 mark each · multiple choice, four options (Section A)16

OBJ · all 12 · 2 marks each · objective, two 1-mark parts: fill in the blanks, match the columns, true or false, one word, or a short passage with questions (Section A)24

VSA · all 9 · 2 marks each · very short answer, 30 to 50 words; either-or choice in 4 of them (Section B)18

SA · all 4 · 3 marks each · short answer, 50 to 80 words; either-or choice in 2 of them (Section B)12

LA · all 2 · 5 marks each · long answer, 80 to 120 words; either-or choice in both (Section B)10

Board paper total80

NIOS Question Paper Design for Physics (312) from the 2023 bifurcation set, checked against the NIOS Physics sample question paper and marking scheme. Time: 3 hours. 43 questions, 80 marks, all compulsory. Objectives: knowledge 20, understanding 40, application 20. Difficulty: easy 24, average 40, difficult 16.

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Likely questions

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2 marks · very short answer

State Newton's third law of motion. Name the action and the reaction when a swimmer moves forward in water.Unit I Define limiting friction and the coefficient of static friction. Why does the coefficient of friction have no unit?Unit I What is an inertial frame of reference? Give one example of a non-inertial frame and name the extra force that must be imagined in it.Unit I Show that 1 kW h = 3.6 × 10⁶ J. How much energy, in joules, does a 100 W bulb use in 10 hours?Unit II Sketch the force-extension graph of a spring that obeys Hooke's law. What do its slope and the area under it stand for?Unit II Distinguish between conservative and non-conservative forces. Give one example of each.Unit II A diver goes down from 10 m to 20 m below the surface of a lake. Is the total pressure on her doubled? Explain with the relation for pressure at a depth.Unit III Two soap bubbles have radii 2 cm and 4 cm. Find the ratio of the excess pressures inside them. Which bubble has the higher pressure inside?Unit III Define coefficient of viscosity. Write its SI unit and its dimensional formula.Unit III What is an isolated system? Give one example. How does it differ from a closed system?Unit IV Distinguish between isothermal and adiabatic processes, giving one example of each.Unit IV A system absorbs 1200 J of heat while 500 J of work is done on it. Find the change in its internal energy.Unit IV State Laplace's formula for the speed of sound in a gas. Use it to show that sound travels faster in warmer air, but that a change of pressure alone has no effect.Unit V Two tuning forks A and B give 4 beats per second. B has a frequency of 320 Hz. When a prong of A is filed, the beats increase. Find the frequency of A and give a reason.Unit V Name the EM waves used (a) in radar, (b) to sterilise operation theatres. Which gas in the atmosphere absorbs the second kind from sunlight?Unit V State Gauss's theorem in electrostatics. A charge of 8.85 μC is placed inside a closed surface. Find the total electric flux through the surface. (ε₀ = 8.85 × 10⁻¹² C² N⁻¹ m⁻²)Unit VI Why do two electric field lines never cross each other? Draw the field lines of an electric dipole.Unit VI Explain, with a labelled diagram, how a metal sphere on an insulating stand can be charged positively by induction.Unit VI What is electrostatic shielding? Why is it safer to sit inside a car than to stand in an open field during a lightning storm?Unit VII Three capacitors C₁, C₂ and C₃ are joined in parallel across a supply of V volts. Show that their equivalent capacitance is C₁ + C₂ + C₃.Unit VII Show that the capacitance of an isolated metal sphere is proportional to its radius. Find the capacitance of a sphere of radius 9 cm in air. (1/4πε₀ = 9 × 10⁹ N m² C⁻²)Unit VII Distinguish between primary and secondary cells, giving one example of each.Unit VIII State Kirchhoff's two rules for electric circuits. Name the conservation law on which each rule is based.Unit VIII The bands on a carbon resistor are yellow, violet, red and gold. Find its resistance, and the range within which its true value lies.Unit VIII Define the angle of dip. At a place, the horizontal and vertical components of the Earth's magnetic field are equal. What is the angle of dip there?Unit IX State Ampere's circuital law. Use it to find the magnetic field inside a long solenoid that has n turns per metre and carries a current I.Unit IX A galvanometer of resistance 60 Ω gives full-scale deflection for 2.0 mA. What resistance is needed, and how is it joined, to make a voltmeter of range 0 to 3 V?Unit IX What are eddy currents? How are they reduced in the core of a transformer? Give one use of eddy currents.Unit X A coil of self inductance L carries a steady current I. Derive an expression for the energy stored in its magnetic field, and find this energy for a 0.50 H coil carrying 2.0 A.Unit X Why is electric power sent over long distances at high voltage? If the same power is sent at double the voltage, by what factor does the heat loss in the lines change?Unit X A thin prism of angle 6° produces a deviation of 3.6°. Find the refractive index of its glass, and write the formula you use.Unit XI Why does the Sun look reddish at sunrise and sunset but white at noon?Unit XI What is chromatic aberration? How is it removed in a camera lens?Unit XI State Huygens' principle. What is the shape of the wavefront from (a) a point source close by, (b) a distant star?Unit XII Two identical torches shine on the same wall, but no bright and dark fringes are seen. Explain why.Unit XII The polarising angle for a liquid is 54°. Find its refractive index (tan 54° = 1.376).Unit XII State two limitations of Rutherford's nuclear model of the atom.Unit XIII Write Bohr's quantum condition. Find the angular momentum of an electron in the fourth orbit of a hydrogen atom. (h = 6.63 × 10⁻³⁴ J s)Unit XIII Distinguish between continuous and characteristic X-rays. On what does the shortest wavelength of continuous X-rays depend?Unit XIII Define work function and threshold frequency of a metal. Write the relation between them.Unit XIV Find the de Broglie wavelength of an electron accelerated from rest through a potential difference of 196 V.Unit XIV State three uses of a photoelectric cell.Unit XIV Show that the density of nuclear matter is the same for all nuclei.Unit XV State any two properties of the nuclear force.Unit XV Distinguish between isotopes and isobars, giving one example of each.Unit XV Explain the job of the moderator and of the control rods in a nuclear reactor.Unit XVI Distinguish between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion, giving one example of each.Unit XVI State two harmful effects of nuclear radiation and two safety measures.Unit XVI A thin layer at a p-n junction holds fixed ions but no free electrons or holes. Name the layer and explain, with a sketch, how it forms.Unit XVII For a Zener diode, an LED, a photodiode and a solar cell, state one practical use of each.Unit XVII Define the current gains α and β of a transistor. If α = 0.99, find β.Unit XVII A half-wave rectifier gets an AC input of peak 15.7 V and feeds a 1 kΩ load. Find the DC output voltage and current. (π = 3.14)Unit XVIII Why is the NAND gate called a universal gate? Show how it can be used as a NOT gate.Unit XVIII In which two regions is a transistor operated when it is used as a switch? State the output voltage in each.Unit XVIII

3 marks · short answer

State Newton's second law of motion and derive F = ma from it. Define one newton.Unit I Define impulse and show that it equals the change in momentum. A 0.2 kg ball moving at 20 m s⁻¹ is stopped in 0.04 s; find the average force on it.Unit I Starting from an equation of motion, show that the work done by a constant net force on a body equals the change in its kinetic energy.Unit II A 0.2 kg ball is thrown straight up at 14 m s⁻¹. Using conservation of energy, find the greatest height it reaches and its kinetic energy halfway up. (g = 9.8 m s⁻²)Unit II State Pascal's law. With a labelled diagram, explain how a hydraulic lift lets a small force raise a car. Why must the small piston move much farther than the large one?Unit III State Stokes' law. Derive an expression for the terminal velocity of a small sphere falling through a viscous liquid. How does it depend on the radius of the sphere?Unit III Write the first law of thermodynamics as an equation and explain each symbol with its sign. Why is a second law needed in addition to the first?Unit IV State the Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements of the second law of thermodynamics. Explain why a refrigerator needs electric power to work.Unit IV A progressive wave is given by y = 0.04 sin(400πt − 0.8πx), where x and y are in metres and t in seconds. Find its amplitude, frequency, wavelength and speed.Unit V What is meant by the quality of a musical sound? Define intensity level in decibels, and state two harmful effects of noise pollution.Unit V State Coulomb's law. Two equal point charges 30 cm apart in air repel each other with a force of 0.4 N. Find the charge on each. (1/4πε₀ = 9 × 10⁹ N m² C⁻²)Unit VI Show that the net force on an electric dipole in a uniform electric field is zero, and derive an expression for the torque on it. At what angle is the torque largest?Unit VI Define electric potential at a point. Derive an expression for the potential at a distance r from a point charge q.Unit VII Obtain an expression for the potential energy of a system of two point charges. Find the potential energy of charges of +3 μC and −2 μC placed 30 cm apart in air.Unit VII Define drift velocity of free electrons. Derive the relation I = nAev_d for a conductor of area of cross-section A.Unit VIII State Ohm's law. Distinguish between ohmic and non-ohmic conductors, with a graph and one example of each.Unit VIII Derive an expression for the force per unit length between two long straight parallel wires carrying currents I₁ and I₂. Use it to define one ampere.Unit IX A charged particle enters a uniform magnetic field at right angles to it. Show that it moves in a circle, and that its time period does not depend on its speed.Unit IX Show that in a pure inductor joined to an AC source, the current lags the voltage by π/2. Write the expression for the inductive reactance and say how it changes with frequency.Unit X Explain the working of a transformer. For an ideal transformer, show that V_s/V_p = N_s/N_p, and list two causes of energy loss.Unit X Explain, with a labelled diagram, how a primary rainbow is formed. Why is the secondary rainbow fainter, and how are its colours arranged?Unit XI What is the Raman effect? Explain the origin of Stokes and anti-Stokes lines.Unit XI Using Huygens' principle, prove the law of reflection of light. Draw a labelled diagram.Unit XII Explain, using Huygens' wavelets, how a single slit forms a bright central maximum with dark minima and fainter maxima on either side. Sketch the intensity pattern.Unit XII Derive an expression for the radius of the nth orbit of the hydrogen atom using Bohr's postulates. Show that the radius is proportional to n².Unit XIII The electron in a hydrogen atom falls from n = 3 to n = 1. Find the energy and wavelength of the photon emitted and name its series. (Eₙ = −13.6/n² eV, h = 6.63 × 10⁻³⁴ J s, c = 3 × 10⁸ m/s)Unit XIII Write Einstein's photoelectric equation. Light of wavelength 300 nm falls on a metal of work function 2.5 eV. Find the stopping potential. (h = 6.63 × 10⁻³⁴ J s, c = 3 × 10⁸ m/s, e = 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C)Unit XIV Describe the Davisson-Germer experiment. What did it establish?Unit XIV Calculate the binding energy per nucleon of ⁷₃Li. (Mass of the ⁷₃Li nucleus = 7.01436 u, mₚ = 1.00727 u, mₙ = 1.00865 u, 1 u = 931 MeV)Unit XV A radioactive sample has a half-life of 10 days. What fraction of it remains after 30 days? Find its decay constant.Unit XV Complete the reactions: (a) ³¹₁₅P + ¹₁H → ? + ¹₀n (b) ⁶₃Li + ¹₀n → ³₁H + ?. Find the energy released in (b). (Masses: ⁶Li = 6.01512 u, ¹₀n = 1.00867 u, ³H = 3.01605 u, ⁴He = 4.00260 u; 1 u = 931 MeV)Unit XVI A reactor produces 64 MW of heat. Each fission of ²³⁵U releases 200 MeV. Find the number of fissions per second. (1 MeV = 1.6 × 10⁻¹³ J)Unit XVI Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. How are n-type and p-type semiconductors made, and why is each electrically neutral?Unit XVII Explain the working of an npn transistor with the help of a labelled biasing diagram.Unit XVII With a circuit diagram, explain how a Zener diode keeps the output voltage of a power supply constant when the load current changes.Unit XVIII An LC circuit on its own gives oscillations that die out. Explain, with a block diagram, how a transistor oscillator keeps them steady, and state the condition needed.Unit XVIII

5 marks · long answer

(a) Two bodies interact only with each other. Show from Newton's laws that their total momentum stays constant, and state the law this gives. (b) Explain how a rocket moves forward. (c) A rocket of mass 2000 kg throws out 40 kg of gas every second at 1500 m s⁻¹. Find its acceleration, ignoring gravity.Unit I (a) What is a free body diagram? (b) Masses of 6 kg and 4 kg are tied to the ends of a light string passing over a frictionless pulley. Draw their free body diagrams and find the acceleration and the tension in the string. (g = 9.8 m s⁻²)Unit I (a) Distinguish between elastic and perfectly inelastic collisions. (b) A 2 kg ball moving at 3 m s⁻¹ collides head-on and elastically with a 1 kg ball moving at 6 m s⁻¹ in the opposite direction. Find their velocities after the collision. (c) If the balls had stuck together instead, how much kinetic energy would have been lost?Unit II (a) State the law of conservation of energy. (b) Show that the total mechanical energy of a freely falling body stays constant. (c) Draw the graph of kinetic, potential and total energy against the distance fallen.Unit II Derive an expression for the height of a liquid column in a capillary tube. Use it to explain why water rises but mercury falls in a glass tube, and why the rise is greater in a finer tube.Unit III State Bernoulli's theorem and its three assumptions. Explain, with labelled diagrams, how an aeroplane wing gets lift and how a Venturi meter measures the rate of flow of a liquid.Unit III Explain the working of a Carnot engine through its four steps, showing them on a P-V diagram. Obtain η = 1 − T₂/T₁ from the heat taken in and given out, and explain why no real engine can reach this efficiency.Unit IV (a) What is an indicator diagram? Show that the work done by a gas in a process equals the area under its indicator diagram. (b) Explain isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric and isochoric processes, with one example of each.Unit IV Explain the formation of stationary waves in a pipe closed at one end. Draw its first three modes of vibration and show that only odd harmonics are present. Why is an open pipe richer in overtones?Unit V Two waves of the same frequency, with amplitudes a₁ and a₂ and phase difference φ, travel in the same direction. Show that the resultant amplitude is given by A² = a₁² + a₂² + 2a₁a₂ cos φ, and find the conditions for maximum and minimum intensity.Unit V (a) State Gauss's theorem. (b) Use it to derive the electric field due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell at a point outside it and at a point inside it. (c) Draw the graph of E against distance from the centre.Unit VI Describe the principle, construction and working of a Van de Graaff generator, with a labelled diagram. Why is it enclosed in an earthed chamber filled with air at high pressure?Unit VI (a) Derive an expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor. (b) How does its capacitance change when a slab of dielectric constant K fills the gap? Explain this using polarisation, with a labelled diagram.Unit VII (a) Show that the energy stored in a charged capacitor is ½CV². (b) Capacitors of 3 μF and 6 μF are joined in series to a 9 V battery. Find the charge on each, the voltage across each and the total energy stored.Unit VII (a) State the principle of a potentiometer. (b) With a labelled circuit diagram, explain how you would find the internal resistance of a primary cell with it. (c) Why does the second balance length increase when a larger resistance is joined across the cell?Unit VIII (a) Draw a Wheatstone bridge and use Kirchhoff's rules to obtain its balance condition. (b) In a metre bridge, a 3 Ω resistor in the left gap gives a balance point at 60 cm. Find the unknown resistance in the right gap.Unit VIII (a) Write the Biot-Savart law for a small current element and explain each symbol. (b) Apply it to a circular coil of N turns and radius r carrying a current I to find the field at its centre. (c) Find this field for a coil of 100 turns and radius 10 cm carrying 0.50 A.Unit IX With a labelled diagram, explain the construction and working of a cyclotron. Show that the frequency of the oscillator does not depend on the speed of the charged particle, and give one use of a cyclotron.Unit IX (a) State Lenz's law. Using the example of a magnet pushed towards a closed coil, show that the law follows from the conservation of energy. (b) A rod 0.50 m long moves at 4.0 m s⁻¹ at right angles to a uniform magnetic field of 0.20 T. Find the emf across its ends.Unit X (a) Draw the phasor diagram for a series LCR circuit and obtain its impedance. (b) What is resonance? Find the resonant frequency when L = 0.10 H and C = 10 μF. (c) Define power factor and give its value at resonance.Unit X Draw a labelled ray diagram for refraction of light through a prism. Derive μ = sin[(A + δm)/2] / sin(A/2). A 60° prism gives a minimum deviation of 37°. Find μ (sin 48.5° = 0.749).Unit XI Derive δ = (μ − 1)A for a thin prism. Define dispersive power and show that it depends only on the material. Find ω for a glass with μv = 1.532, μr = 1.514 and μy = 1.523.Unit XI Describe Young's double slit experiment with a labelled diagram. Derive the expression for fringe width. How does the fringe width change if the whole apparatus is placed in water?Unit XII Using Huygens' principle, deduce Snell's law of refraction. Show that the frequency of light does not change on refraction, but its wavelength does.Unit XII Describe Rutherford's alpha particle scattering experiment with a labelled diagram. State its observations and conclusions, and the two limitations of the nuclear model.Unit XIII Derive the expression for the total energy of the electron in the nth orbit of the hydrogen atom. Draw the energy level diagram and show the Lyman and Balmer series on it.Unit XIII (a) Describe an experiment to study the photoelectric effect, with a labelled diagram. (b) Explain saturation current and stopping potential. (c) Draw graphs of photocurrent against plate potential for two intensities of light of the same frequency.Unit XIV State de Broglie's hypothesis. Derive the expression for the de Broglie wavelength of an electron accelerated through V volts, and find its value for V = 100 V.Unit XIV State the law of radioactive decay. Derive N = N₀ exp(−λt) and obtain the relation between half-life and decay constant. What is carbon dating?Unit XV Explain mass defect and binding energy. Draw the binding energy per nucleon curve and discuss what it tells us about the stability of nuclei.Unit XV Describe the construction and working of a nuclear reactor with a labelled diagram, stating the function of each part.Unit XVI Explain the source of energy in the Sun and stars, with the overall reaction. Why is a very high temperature needed for fusion?Unit XVI (a) Sketch the circuits you would use to plot the forward and the reverse V-I curves of a p-n junction diode, and say why the meters differ. (b) Sketch both curves and explain their shape. (c) What is meant by knee voltage? Give its value for silicon.Unit XVII Why do the energy levels of atoms spread into bands when the atoms form a solid? Use labelled band diagrams to compare a conductor such as copper, a semiconductor such as silicon, and an insulator.Unit XVII (a) How does a centre-tapped full-wave rectifier keep the load current in one direction through both half cycles? Use a circuit diagram and waveforms. (b) How does a capacitor filter smooth the output?Unit XVIII (a) Draw the circuit of an npn transistor amplifier in CE mode and explain its working. (b) Show that its voltage gain is −β RL/ri. (c) For β = 50, RL = 2 kΩ and ri = 1 kΩ, find the voltage gain and the power gain.Unit XVIII

2 marks · objective, two parts

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How to lay out a long answer, with a write-up check. 108 frames so far.